AZ_HAS_ARM_ROLE

Summary

Forestall ACL Alias	AZ_HAS_ARM_ROLE
Azure Alias	ARM Role Assignment
Affected Object Types	Users, Groups, Service Principals
Exploitation Certainty	Informational
Azure RBAC Role	Any ARM RBAC role (Owner, Contributor, Reader, VM Contributor, Key Vault Contributor, custom roles, etc.)

Description

AZ_HAS_ARM_ROLE represents a role assignment relationship in Azure Resource Manager (ARM) RBAC. This edge connects a principal (User, Group, or Service Principal) to an ARM role assignment node (AZARMRole), indicating that the principal holds a specific ARM RBAC role.

Every ARM RBAC role assignment consists of three components:

Component	Description	Example
Principal	The identity receiving the role	A User, Group, or Service Principal
Role Definition	The set of permissions being granted	Owner, Contributor, Reader, VM Contributor, etc.
Scope	The resource boundary where the role applies	Subscription, Resource Group, or individual resource

Identification

PowerShell (Az Module)

Connect-AzAccount

# List all ARM role assignments in the current subscription
Get-AzRoleAssignment |
    Select-Object DisplayName, SignInName, ObjectType, RoleDefinitionName, Scope |
    Sort-Object RoleDefinitionName |
    Format-Table -AutoSize

# List role assignments for a specific principal
Get-AzRoleAssignment -SignInName "[e-mail]" |
    Select-Object RoleDefinitionName, Scope, ObjectType |
    Format-Table -AutoSize

# List role assignments for a specific service principal
Get-AzRoleAssignment -ObjectId "<ServicePrincipalObjectId>" |
    Select-Object RoleDefinitionName, Scope, ObjectType |
    Format-Table -AutoSize

# List all role assignments at a specific scope (subscription)
Get-AzRoleAssignment -Scope "/subscriptions/<SubscriptionId>" |
    Select-Object DisplayName, RoleDefinitionName, ObjectType, Scope |
    Format-Table -AutoSize

# List all privileged role assignments (Owner, Contributor, User Access Administrator)
Get-AzRoleAssignment |
    Where-Object { $_.RoleDefinitionName -in @("Owner", "Contributor", "User Access Administrator") } |
    Select-Object DisplayName, RoleDefinitionName, ObjectType, Scope |
    Sort-Object RoleDefinitionName |
    Format-Table -AutoSize

Azure Portal

1. Open Azure Portal -> navigate to any Subscription, Resource Group, or Resource.

2. Go to Access control (IAM) -> Role assignments.

3. Review all assignments - each row represents an AZ_HAS_ARM_ROLE relationship between the listed principal and the assigned role at the displayed scope.

4. Use Check access to see all role assignments for a specific principal.

Exploitation

This edge itself is structural/informational - it documents that a principal holds an ARM role. The actual attack impact depends on which role is assigned and at what scope:

Role Assignment	Impact
Owner at any scope	Full control + can assign roles to others (privilege escalation)
Contributor at any scope	Full resource management (no role assignment)
User Access Administrator	Can assign roles - privilege escalation path
VM Contributor	Execute commands on VMs as SYSTEM
Key Vault Contributor	Modify Key Vault access policies, read secrets/keys/certs
Automation Contributor	Create/modify runbooks, execute code as automation identity
Custom Roles with wildcard	Varies - may include dangerous permissions

Related Attack Paths:

• AZ_ARM_OWNER - Owner role assignment over ARM resources.

• AZ_CONTRIBUTOR - Contributor role at any scope.

• AZ_VM_CONTRIBUTOR - VM Contributor scoped to VMs or RGs.

• AZ_KEY_VAULT_CONTRIBUTOR - Key Vault Contributor scoped to vaults.

• AZ_ARM_ROLE_SCOPED_TO - Scope of the ARM role assignment.

• AZ_PARENT - Structural containment across Tenant, Management Group, Subscription, and Resource Group scopes.

Mitigation

1. Apply least privilege

   • Assign the most specific role possible instead of broad roles like Owner or Contributor.

   • Use resource-level scoping instead of subscription-level where possible.

2. Use Privileged Identity Management (PIM) for just-in-time access

   • Go to Entra ID -> Privileged Identity Management -> Azure resources.

   • Configure eligible (not permanent) assignments for privileged ARM roles.

   • Require approval and MFA for activation.

3. Regularly review role assignments

   • Go to Azure Portal -> target scope -> Access control (IAM) -> Role assignments.

   • Remove stale or unnecessary assignments, especially for service principals and guest accounts.

   • Use Access Reviews to automate periodic review of ARM role assignments.

4. Restrict role assignment permissions

   • Limit the number of principals with Owner or User Access Administrator roles.

   • Use Azure Policy to restrict which roles can be assigned and by whom.

5. Monitor group-based assignments

   • ARM roles assigned to groups apply to all group members. Review group membership regularly, especially for dynamic groups.

Detection

Use the Azure Portal:

1. Open Azure Portal -> Monitor -> Activity log.

2. Filter Operation name for Microsoft.Authorization/roleAssignments/write and Microsoft.Authorization/roleAssignments/delete.

3. Review Event initiated by, Timestamp, Resource, Status, and Change history for unexpected ARM role assignment changes.

4. Open the affected Subscription, Resource group, or resource -> Access control (IAM) -> Role assignments to confirm the current assignment state.

References

• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/role-based-access-control/overview

• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/role-based-access-control/role-assignments-portal

• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/role-based-access-control/role-assignments-list-portal

• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/role-based-access-control/built-in-roles

• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/role-based-access-control/best-practices

• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/role-based-access-control/pim-integration